喷漆室格栅表面脱漆新工艺——涂膜技术

采用涂膜技术对地面格栅表面涂覆一层特种防污涂料,使其表面变得光洁耐污,从而改变传统的脱漆工艺,使积漆清理简单易行。     

陇东黄土高原地表粗糙度对耕作土壤径流的影响

用人工模拟降雨器,对陇东黄土高原不同地表粗糙度(RR)条件下翻耕土壤的径流和蓄水能力进行研究.以兰州大学庆阳黄土高原试验站为试验点,设3个处理:轻度(LR,RR＝7.6 mm),中度(MR,RR＝10.1 mm)和重度(HR,RR＝21.0 mm)处理.结果表明:在66mm/h的降雨强度下,降雨开始的20min内,LR...     

木制件表面粗糙度比较样块母模的检测

木制件表面粗糙度比较样比较样块母模的检测除表面纹理符合要求，无结构性缺陷外，主要检测结果的公称值偏差和标准编差要符合标准规定，且有足够的标准面面积。通过对样块母模的检测证明标准制定合理，平均值偏差和标准偏差符合木制作表面粗糙度特性，样块母模的检测为面积法检测木制件表面粗糙度提供了必要的条件。     

非光滑表面电渗轮脚减粘脱土的试验研究

非光滑表面电渗方法是有效解决土壤对地面机械触土部件粘附问题的较好方法之一。应用这一方法,研制了非光滑表面电渗轮脚,并进行了减粘脱土试验。试验表明,非光滑表面电渗轮脚具有良好的减粘脱土效果,并可提高牵引力和驱动效率。     

Runoff and sediment losses from rough and smooth soil surfaces in a laboratory experiment

Soil surface roughness may significantly impact runoff and erosion under rainfall. A common perception is that runoff and erosion are decreased as a function of roughness because of surface ponding and increased hydraulic roughness that reduces effective flow shear stress. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of initial surface roughness on runoff and erosion under controlled laboratory conditions. Initially, rough and smooth surfaces were exposed to five simulated rainfall applications at 5% and 20% slopes. In all cases, runoff was delayed for the case of the initially rough surface; however, this effect was temporary. Overall, no statistical differences in either total runoff or erosion were measured on the 20% slope. At 5% slope, runoff was less on the rough surface for the first rainfall application but greater on the final three, probably due to the formation of a depositional seal in that case. This resulted in an overall insignificant difference in runoff for the sum of the five rainfall applications. Erosion was greater on the rougher slope at 5% steepness, probably due to concentration of flow as it moved around the roughness elements on the rougher slope. These results indicate that commonly held perceptions of the impact of soil surface roughness on runoff and erosion may not be entirely correct in all cases.     

Surface water quality of factory-based and vegetable-based peri-urban areas in the Yangtze River Delta region,China

Detailed surveys of surface water in two contrasting peri-urban areas in the Yangtze River Delta region of China were conducted to determine the distribution of heavy metals, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as well as the speciation of N and P. A factory-based (FB) area was compared with a vegetable-based (VB) area during the dry season. The concentrations of heavy metals in the surface water in the FB area were higher than those in the VB area, suggesting modest contamination of surface water with Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb but not Cd, from discharge of factory effluent in the FB area but not the VB area. Although total N (TN) and total P (TP) levels in the surface water were high in both areas, the surface water in the VB area had significantly higher levels of nitrate N (NO₃–N), organic N (ON) and TN than those in the FB area. In both areas, the levels of water-soluble P (WP), organic P (OP) and TP were high in the river water that received municipal wastewater. The distribution of N and P species throughout the surface water system indicated that the NO₃–N and ON mainly came from vegetable fields, while ammonium N (NH₄–N), WP and OP were mainly from municipal wastewater. Treatment of municipal wastewater prior to discharge to reduce N and P by purification is recommended together with research and extension to develop more efficient use of N and P fertilizer by vegetable farmers.     

农田休闲期垄作地形对近地表风场的影响

垄作是旱作农田常用的保护性耕作技术,而其防风抗蚀的机制尚需研究。通过野外试验,对垄脊高25cm,垄沟宽1.5m的垄作田上风向、垄间及下风向地带0～4m的风流场进行了同步观测,对不同观测位置的时均风速、空气动力学粗糙度、摩阻速度和风速脉动进行了对比分析。结果表明,土垄间和下风向近地表0～1m内时均风速比上风向平坦地表明显降低,其中高0.3m处降低幅度最大。水平方向上风速降低幅度、空气动力学粗糙度和摩阻速度均随观测点与垄作地表距离的增大而减小。受风速递增的影响,风速的绝对脉动强度随高度呈对数关系递增。风速的相对脉动强度在0～1m内随高度增大而降低,1m以上基本无变化。高0.05m处风速的相对脉动强度在水平方向上随与垄作田距离的减小而增大,其中垄间最大,时均风速相同时对地面剪切力最大。     

塑料方格沙障的固沙原理及其推广应用前景

塑料方格沙障以高密度的聚乙烯(HDPE)为主要原料人工合成,透风系数为30%～45%,固沙机制同麦草、粘土沙障不同,具有防风固沙作用效果好,操作技术简单,使用期限长,运输方便等优点,但同时存在投入相对较高,容易沙埋、掏蚀,使推广大受限制。研究认为适宜在干旱地区退化植被的恢复重建中推广应用,与退化植被共同作用下,在实现防风固沙目标的同时避免或减轻了沙障固定桩和迎风网下的掏蚀,能促进退化植被的恢复。     

植被分布对地表糙率影响

[目的]分析在植被淹没或非淹没状态不同植被覆盖密度影响下,地表糙率的变化规律与特征,为进一步研究植被对地表糙率的影响提供参考。[方法]试验以塑料棒模拟植被分布,模拟出不同密度,分别进行放水试验。[结果]在植被淹没与非淹没状态下地表糙率的变化不同,在非淹没状态时,地表糙率随着平均水深的增加呈减小的趋势,在淹没水深小时,地表糙率随着平均水深的增加而先增大后减小,而当淹没水深很大时,地表糙率趋向于一个稳定值。[结论]地表糙率取值随植被覆盖密度的增大而增大;同一下垫面情况下,不同的水流方向,地表糙率取值不相同。     

地表糙度对径流和产沙影响的室内试验研究

该文通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法，分析了连续降雨过程条件下，不同糙度地表的径流量和产沙量的变化。研究结果表明：人工锄耕的地表，延缓径流的作用较为明显，但这一作用仅发生在降雨初期；随着降雨的进行，不同糙度地表的径流变化规律基本一致，先增加，随后趋于稳定的趋势，但径流总量没有明显变化。同样，人工锄耕的地表，延缓地表的产沙作用强于糙度小的地表，产沙率15°坡面要高于5°坡面，随着降雨的进行，在雨强1.0 mm/min条件下，这一变化更为明显，最终产沙总量变化不大。地表糙度对侵蚀的影响，不仅与降雨持续时间相关，同时与坡度密切相关，并初步证实黄土区地表糙度对侵蚀的影响存在着一定的临界条件。这为揭示地表糙度的本质特征提供了一定的理论依据，同时也可服务于黄土高原坡耕地水土流失的治理和退耕还林(草)工程的实施。